不知何故，1948年国立北平故宫博物院出版的故宫平面全图将崇楼标注为祟楼。似乎不是笔误，因英文标注与之匹配。具体原因有待厘清。
For some reason, the full map of the Forbidden City published by the National Palace Museum in Beiping in 1948 marked Chong Lou（崇楼） as Sui Lou（祟楼）。It seems that it is not a typo, because the English label matches it. The exact reason remains to be determined.
永和宫后院的井亭非常别致，内置一架故宫内也不多见的铸铁压水机，上面铸有THE GOULDS M’F’G. CO. 的字样(The Goulds Manufacturing Company的缩写）。该公司原为纽约的一家水泵公司，始建于1848年。并于1869年起改名为The Goulds Manufacturing Company。该名称如今已经成为赛莱姆国际公司（Xylem Inc.）旗下的品牌。永和宫最后一次重修是在光绪十六年（1890年）[1]，这架压水机很有可能是在此次修缮中安装的（有待确认）。仔细观看，水泵底座已经破碎，如果以1890年计，到今年（2019年）也才129岁。
The well pavilion in the backyard of Yonghe Palace is very unique. There is a cast-iron hand press pump in it. You can find the name of THE GOULDS M’F’G. CO. casted on the pump. The manufacturer was originally a pump company in New York, started to use the name since 1869. It is now a brand owned by Xylem Inc. The palace was last restored in the 16th year of Guangxu (1890) [1], and it is likely that the press pump was installed during the renovation (to be confirmed) . Look carefully, you’ll find that the pump base has been broken. If you start counting in 1890, it will be 129 years old this year (2019).
注释notes:
[1] 故宫官网https://www.dpm.org.cn/explore/building/236518.html
文华殿东、西两侧的本仁殿和集义殿北侧各存有两个铜缸底座。由于罕见的青砖漫地基台，起先被我误认为是枯井，多亏网友“不得不犯狗”指点。文华殿的铜缸何时被移走的，让我联想到了1944年的日军献铜献铁运动。当时为应对此事，故宫博物院对院内铜缸进行了清点，造册，共277件，包括：1类：明清两代所造有款识者98件；2类：虽无款识，但察铜色类似明代造者125件；3类：无款识，查其式样不能断明年代者54件。最终于1944年6月19日将3类无款识的54件铜缸交予了日军[1]。至于文华殿的铜缸是否属于这54件无款识铜缸之列，查看当时的清点造册即可。还有一个疑问有待考证，现在公认说法，故宫有大小水缸308口，与1944年的探察数据277有31件的差异。
In the north sides of Jiyi Hall （集义殿）and Benren Hall（本仁殿）, there are two stone bases of bronze vats separately. At first I mistook them for dry wells because of the rare grey-brick plinth, thanks to the advice of a Weibo friend. When the bronze vats were removed, I am reminded of the Japanese dedication of copper and iron campaign in 1944. In response to the incident, the The Palace Museum conducted an inventory of 277 bronze vats in the Forbidden City. It includes: type 1: 98 pieces of bronze vats with Ming and Qing Dynasty manufacture signature mark; type 2: 125 pieces of bronze color similar to those made in the Ming Dynasty but without manufacture signature mark; type 3: 54 pieces of no identification and the style can not be judged to belong to the Ming Dynasty. Finally, on June 19, 1944, the Palace Museum handed over 54 bronze vats belonging to the third category of no identification to the Japanese army [1]. As to whether these lost copper vats were included in the list of 54 unidentifiable copper vats, a check of the inventory at that time will make it clear. Another question remains to be answered. It is now generally accepted that there are 308 bronze vats in the Forbidden City, 31 of which are different from the 277 counted in 1944.
PS: 网友不得不犯狗提及，1944年文华殿仍归古物陈列所管辖。
A Weibo friend mentioned that in 1944, the Hall of Literary Brilliance was still under the jurisdiction of the National Museum of Art, Peiping.
注释note:
[1]黄金：沦陷前后张庭济与“奉命维持”的 北平故宫博物院事业，《故宫博物院院刊》，2014年05期
[2]孙岩：人非物是，八年沦陷的故宫博物院，《紫禁城》，2005年05期
祖宗杆子位于坤宁宫东南侧，即交泰殿东北角处。故宫博物院藏品总目编号为：故00204055，标注为满洲祭天神杆。现仅存神杆的基座。
The ancestral pole is located at the southeast side of the Kunning Palace, which is the northeast corner of the Hall of Union. The catalog number is No. 00204055, and is recorded as a Manchurian pole for offering sacrifices to the gods. Now only the pedestal of the sacred pole exists.
神杆满语称“索罗”，又有索罗神杆之说。杆子长啥样，请看图6。至于神杆用于祭祖，还是祭神，争论不断[3]。
The sacred pole is called “Soluo” in Manchu, and there is also the saying of Soluo’s sacred pole. The shape of the pole is shown in figure 6. The debate continues as to whether the sacred pole should be used for ancestor worship or for offering sacrifices to the gods [2].
宫外神竿，又名“祖宗竿子”，满俗于祭天时，于竿东北放案，陈颈骨胆脍米等，祭后献颈骨于竿端，置胆脍米于碗内，然后帝后受胙。[2]
The sacred pole outside the palace, also known as the Ancestral Pole. According to the Manchu custom, when offering sacrifices to heaven, the altar table is placed in the northeast of the sacred pole. On the altar were neck bones, gall bladders, shredded meat and rice. When the sacrifice is over, place the neck bone at the top of the pole, the gallbladder, shredded pork and rice into a bowl, and then the emperor and Queen prayed for blessings. [2]
坤宁宫于清朝依满族风格分别在顺治十二年(1655)、康熙十九年(1680)和嘉庆三年(1798)进行过三次改建与修缮[4]，至于神杆于何年开始在坤宁宫竖立，未见记载。不过从1900-1925的照片（图6-图9）中可见祖宗杆子。而1982年的照片中已不见了杆子的踪影。祖宗神杆竖立与除去的具体年代还有待考证。
In Qing Dynasty, the Kun Ning Palace was rebuilt and renovated three times according to the Manchu style in Shunzhi 12th year (1655) , Kangxi 19th year (1680) and Jiaqing 3rd year (1798) [4]. As for when the sacred pole began to erect in the Palace, there is no record found. However, the ancestral poles can be seen from the photos of 1900-1925 (Fig. 6-Fig. 9). The pole is missing from the 1982 photo. The specific age of erecting and removing the ancestral sacred pole remains to be verified.
据四库全书记载，神杆取自延庆县之松木。[8]点击见详。
According to the Sikuquanshu, the sacred pole was taken from the pine trees of Yanqing District. Click to view details.
注释(notes):
[1]故宫丛刊之三 故宫摄影集 第一编第二册 交泰殿坤宁宫 清室善后委员会 30页
[2]国立北平清室善后委员会：《故宫图说》第一编中路及内东路，1924，10页
[3]张杰：清代满族萨满教祭祀神杆新考，社会科学辑刊，2003年05期
[4]宋文：坤宁宫萨满祭祀特点考析，故宫博物院院刊，2017年04期
[5]单霁翔：故宫藏影，故宫出版社，2018年
[6]林京：北京城百年影像记，故宫出版社，2016年
[7]杨伯达 翁万戈：故宫博物院藏品选，1982
[8]四库全书卷3:《钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼》
幡杆夹杆石位于钦安殿前西南角，建在大理石的基座上（图1）。夹杆石的四面均有双龙戏珠刻纹（图2）。故宫藏品总目编号（故204008）清晰可见（图3）。上网查了一下，藏品名称为铜镀金旗纛亭，貌似数据库有误。后来看到观靖的论文《诚祈应感钦安殿道场》[6]才恍然大悟，原来此处标记的不是幡杆，而是其顶部的宝顶！据观靖，幡杆被记载为：“「五龙捧圣大旗杆」，纛杆长九丈五尺五寸（约三十一米），杆顶安有「铜胎镀金四方重檐亭」样式的宝顶一座，宝顶内有银匣，内贮《元始天尊说北方真武妙经》、《元始无量度人上品妙经》。”
The stone flagpole pedestal is located in the front southwest corner of the Hall of Imperial Peace (钦安殿：Qin An Dian) , and built on a marble base (figure 1). The four sides of the pedestal are engraved with double dragons frolicking with magic pearl (figure 2). The catalog number 204008 of the Palace Museum collection is clearly visible (figure 3). Checked it out online, it’s called a copper-plated flagpole pavilion, and it looks like the data entry is wrong. Later, I saw Guan Jing’s paper “sincerely pray for the Hall of Imperial Peace Dojo”[6] , it turns out that the description here is not about the flagpole itself, but the top structure of the pole, the baoding (literally, “treasure top”) . According to Guan Jing, the flagpole was recorded as: “Five Dragons Holding the Flagpole“. The pole is nine zhang, five chi long (about 31 meters). On the top of the pole is a “gold-plated copper square pavilion with double eaves” baoding. There is a silver box in the baoding, which contains “the Celestial Venerable father of the Primordial Beginning tells the wonderful Sutra of northern Zhenwu” (元始天尊说北方真武妙经) and “Primal Beginning Boundless Salvation Highest Level Mystical Scripture“ (元始无量度人上品妙经).
基座的四角上有鳖（东南角）、鱼（西南角）、蟹（西北角）和虾（东北角）图案（图4）。钦安殿内供奉有真武大帝铜象[1]，又称玄武，即水神。因此，基座上刻有这些“虾兵蟹将”也就顺理成章了。
The four corners of the marble base have turtle (southeast) , fish (southwest) , crab (northwest) and shrimp (northeast) patterns (figure 4). In the Hall of Imperial Peace, there is a bronze statue of Zhenwudadi (真武大帝), also known as Xuanwu, the God of water [1]. Therefore, the base engraved with these “shrimp soldiers and crab generals” is a matter of course.
“幡杆夹中原立有木制幡杆，高出紫禁城（图5，6）。若在北海白塔上向东南而望，唯有此杆挑出黄瓦绿荫，成为御花园明显的标志。[2]”
“Originally, the stone pedestal held a wooden pole that rose above the Forbidden City. If you look southeast from the White Pagoda（白塔） of Beihai Park（北海公园）, only this pole was picked out from the yellow tiles and green shades, and becoming a visible symbol of the Imperial Garden（御花园）[2].”
从林京的照片中可以清晰地看见矗立的幡杆（图5，图6），照片分别拍摄于1901年和1920年代[3]。在甘博1918年从景山拍摄的照片点击查看 以及1924-1927从储秀宫内拍摄的照片中都可以看到高高的幡杆点击查看[4]。而莫里森1933-1946年的照片里则没有见到幡杆[5]，点击查看。因此，我们可以得出结论，幡杆于1933-1946年之间消失了。至于幡杆被拿掉的原因和今保存在何处则不得而知。未查到相关资料。
From the photo of Lin Jing, you can clearly see the flagpole (figures 5, 6). The photos were taken in 1901 and 1920s [3]. High flagpole can also be seen in the photos taken by Gamble from Coal Hill (景山) in 1918 click to view and from the Palace of Gathered Elegance (储秀宫) in 1924-1927 click to view [4] . And Morrison’s 1933-1946 photo did not see the flagpole [5], click to view. Therefore, we can conclude that the flagpole disappeared between 1933 and 1946. It is not known why the flagpole was removed or where it is kept today. No relevant information was found.
在观靖的论文中还提供了一张题为五龙捧圣旗杆施工旧影的图片（图7），并注明摄于清末。不过从该照片中可以清楚地看到幡杆的基部已经腐朽。根据上述结论，这张照片记录的应该是1933-1946年之间拆除幡杆时的场面
In Guan Jing’s paper, also provides an old photo, captioned as “the scene of the construction site of the Five Dragons Holding the Flagpole”, and noted at the end of the Qing Dynasty. However, it is clear from the photo that the base of the flagpole has already decayed. Based on the above conclusions, this photo should show the removal of the flagpole between 1933 and 1946.
下面这张照片翻拍自单霁翔的影集《故宫藏影——西洋镜里的皇家建筑》[7]，为甘博（Sidney D. Gamble ）在1924-1927年间所摄：553A_3205）。从中可以看到幡杆的更多细节。
This photo below is from Shan Jixiang’s photo album Hidden Shadows in the Forbidden City: Imperial Architecture in the Shot of Foreigners. [7]. The original photograph was taken by Sidney D. Gamble between 1924-1927, photo ID:553A_3205. Details of the flagpole can be seen in this photo.
注释（notes）:
[1]王子林：钦安殿之谜，紫禁城 2014年03期
[2]言庑、李全庆：钦安殿前旛杆颊石雕，紫禁城 1984年02期
[3]林京：北京城百年影像记，故宫出版社，2016年
[4][306-1751 and 553-3205], Sidney D. Gamble Photographs, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
[5] [W86461-1] , Hedda Morrison Photographs, Harvard University, Harvard College Library Harvard-Yenching Library
[6] 观靖，诚祈应感钦安殿道场，紫禁城，2015年05期
[7]单霁翔：《故宫藏影——西洋镜里的皇家建筑》，2014，故宫出版社
